Editorial standards

Evidence before a conclusion

Manufacturer documentation establishes what a company publishes. It does not independently demonstrate performance, safety, reliability or regulatory approval. We identify the source and keep that distinction visible.

Three evidence labels

• Source-based analysis: interpretation of published manufacturer material.
• Brand documentation update: dated observations about a published range or document, without inventing a launch date.
• Hands-on review: reserved for work with an identified physical sample, method, observations and limitations. No article in the opening edition carries this label.

What a future test must record

Sample identity, market label, acquisition context, firmware or revision when relevant, test conditions and measurements must be recorded before a performance claim is made. A numerical manufacturer claim must remain attributed until independently measured.

Independence and commercial relationships

No paid placement or affiliate link is included in the opening edition. Any future sample provision, sponsorship or conflict must be disclosed on the relevant article. A sample does not entitle a manufacturer to control a conclusion.

Images and corrections

Manufacturer photographs illustrate the subject; they are not photographs of samples examined by this journal. Corrections should state the original issue, revised wording, evidence and date.